Explore Earth’s structure, climate, and its changes through explanations, indicators, and authoritative scientific sources.
At Mauna Loa, NOAA measures the dry-air mole fraction of CO₂: a way of quantifying the gas that prevents changes in temperature, pressure, or water vapor from distorting the comparison.
Zero on a climate graph is a reference point. Learning to read it changes how we interpret the entire curve.
Seismic waves, minerals, and gravity allow us to test an image of a planet we cannot observe directly.
Difference between a temperature and a reference for the same type of period.
Explore this reference Concept · Earth and climateTime interval used to construct a comparison baseline.
Explore this reference Concept · Earth and climateEarth’s outer layer in the classification by composition.
Explore this reference Concept · Earth and climateRegion between the crust and core, composed mostly of solid rock.
Explore this reference Concept · Earth and climateCentral metallic region with a liquid outer part and a solid inner part.
Explore this reference Concept · Earth and climateMechanically rigid layer that includes the crust and part of the upper mantle.
Explore this reference Method · Earth and climateStudy of seismic waves and the information they provide about their sources and the media they travel through.
Explore this reference Institution · Earth and climateU.S. scientific agency that publishes observations and products about the ocean and atmosphere.
Explore this reference Institution · Earth and climateU.S. geological survey that publishes information and resources about Earth sciences.
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